IC-NRLF 


Q   H 

366 

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1895 

MAIN 


MEMOMAL 


nominis    Scientiae." 


EVOL.UTION 


Review  of  Dr.  D.  S.  Jordan's  course 
of  lectures  before  the  University  Glut) 
of  San  Jose,  "by  Dr.  A.  J.  Nelson. 


A   RBVIjEWr-r 


COURSE    OF    LECTURES 


EVOLUTION 

DELIVERED  BEFORE  THE  SAN  JOSE  UNIVERSITY 
EXTENSION  CLUB 

-  -  BY  -  - 

PROF.  DAVID  STARR  JORDAN,  LL  D., 

President  of  the  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University. 


REVIEWED   BY 

REV.  A.  j.  NELSON,  B.  A.,  s.  T.  D., 
n 

Of  the  California  Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 


Unveil  error,  expose  its  deformity,  and  truth  will  have  the  right  of  way. 


A>15 ' 

PREFATORY. 

By  BISHOP  C.  H.  FOWLER,  1,1,.  D. 


It  is  the  business  of  a  university  to  teach  all  knowledge. 
It  cannot  approximate  this  end  without  awakening  thought. 
So, we  must  not  be  surprised  when  the  chief  representative 
of  a  university  starts  questions  and  reaches  conclusions 
that  cannot  be  classified  with  long  accepted  Christian  doc- 
trine. It  does  not  follow  that  the  old  doctrine  will  politely 
bow  itself  out  of  existence.  Evolution,  in  an  accommo- 
dated use  of  the  term,  is  popular  in  its  apparent  generaliza- 
tions and  in  its  show  of  philosophy.  Progress  is  as  old  as 
the  race.  It  contains  nothing  startling.  Evolution  that 
can  be  almost  synonymous  with  progress  can  be  handled  in 
a  showy  way  and  smack  much  of  science.  Lectures  on 
such  conceptions  can  be  made  popular  and  instructive. 
But  when  the  theme  is  confined  to  a  strictly  scientific  treat- 
ment it  is  driven  into  positions  and  to  conclusions  that 
antagonize  the  religious  life  and  faith  of  many  centuries. 

It  is  not  amiss  to  point  out  the  fact  that  if  scientific 
evolution  is  true,  then  there  remains  no  foundation  for 
Christian  faith  ;  then  the  Bible  is  a  fiction  ;  God  is  un- 
thinkable ;  Jesus  Christ  is  a  Jewish  tramp  wandering  about 
Palestine  with  a  few  peasants  ;  the  Holy  Ghost  is  a 
chimera  ;  pardon  is  a  delusion  ;  saints  are  fools  or  hypo- 
crites ;  martyrs  are  the  supreme  idiots  of  the  ages  ;  heaven 
and  hell  are  inventions  of  priests,  and  death  ends  all. 
With  so  much  involved,  are  we  ready  to  surrender  every- 
thing without  one  manly  protest  and  struggle?  Do  we 
want  ' '  evolution  clubs  ' '  organized  for  our  children  where 
the  chief  result  of  training  will  be  doubt  and  nearly  un- 
questioning acceptances  of  all  the  ruin  cited  above  ? 

Dr.  Nelson  puts  some  stubborn  questions.  He  thrusts 
Dr.  Jordan's  lectures  with  interrogation  points  till  they 
seem  covered  with  pin-feathers. 

1:5 14  35 


PREFATORY. 

The  thoughtful  and  scholarly  world  will  be  slow  to  part 
company  with  the  great  Agassi/  for .  the  long-exploded 
theory  now  revamped  by  a  new  style  of  delivery.  He 
found  nothing  in  environment  that  could  mature  the  germ 
of  a  fish,  or  bird,  or  quadruped,  into  any  other  than  its 
own  type.  Or  that  could  stop  it  short  of  its  own  type  and 
leave  it  life.  He  said  that  the  germs  of  a  man  at  different 
stages  could  not  be  distinguished  from  the  other  germs 
either  by  the  analysis  of  chemistry  or  the  power  of  the 
microscope,  Yet  each  was  shut  up  to  its  own  type.  This 
can  be  explained  only  by  the  presence  of  an  invisible 
spiritual  Presence  that  determines  the  type. 

When  science  has  answered  this  ground  of  Agassiz  by 
incontrovertible  facts,  then  it  will  be  time  enough  to  accept 
the  flat  assumptions  of  the  evolutionists. 

One  cannot  help  recalling  the  ideas  of  James  Martineau, 
in  which  he  holds  that  it  is  pitiable  to  see  these  evolution- 
ists begging  for  the  concession  of  the  smallest  granule  of 
power  with  an  infinitesimal  tendency  to  increment,  and 
from  this  they  will  produce  the  universe  without  even 
smuggling  in  anything  large  enough  to  raise  a  question 
(I  quote  from  memory.)  They  equate  it  simultaneously, 
backward  to  zero  and  forward  to  the  sum  of  things.  Never- 
theless, it  is  a  mean  thing  for  a  philosopher  to  crib  causa- 
tions with  hairs'  breadths,  put  it  out  at  compound  interest 
though  all  the  time,  then  deny  the  debt.  The  power  that 
eventuated  the  universe,  whether  drawn  out  through  un- 
numbered ages  or  concentrated  into  one  blow,  is  nothing 
less  than  infinite  and  nothing  lower  than  divine. 

If  our  new  and  great  universities  are  transformed  into 
Evolution  Propaganda,  Christian  men  will  think  that  there 
is  still  room  in  California  for  an  old-fashioned  university 
that  does  not  exclude  the  knowledge  and  possibility  of 
God. 


PRELUDE. 


is  but  a  reed,  the  weakest  in  nature,  but  a  thinking  reed." 
— Pascal. 

"The  supreme,  scientific  idea  of  this  age,  by  which  this 
age  will  be  distinguished  in  the  history  of  thought,  is 
EVOLUTION. 

Not  in  its  distorted  and  exaggerated  form  as  a  Deicide, 
but  in  its  theistic  form,  having  a  divine,  initial  impulse  to 
help  it  up  the  ascending  types  of  life  ;  such  an  evolution  as 
can  be  traced  in  the  luminous  teachings  of  Agassiz. 

This  great  order  of  nature  holds  over  the  unfolding  of 
human  history.  The  ages  behind  us  have  been  perfecting 
the  types  of  our  life  and  maturing  results,  which  shall  soon 
greet  us  with  their  songs  and  gladness." — Bishop -Fowler, 
' '  I*rob1ems  of  tJie  soth  Century. ' ' 


THE  BOOK  OF  NATURP;. 

"  Speak  to  the  earth  and  it  shall  teach  thec.^—Job. 

The  great  volume  is  before  us  written  in  strange  hiero- 
glyph, but  the  key  is  in  mortal  hands.  The  divine  secrets 
hid  away  in  the  immeasurable  cycles  of  untold  ages,  and 
the  wonderful  revelations  without  a  chronology,  may  be 
translated  by  man.  But  nature  keeps  no  free  schools,  and 
issues  no  free  tickets  to  her  libraries  of  learning. 

"Speak,"  is  the  divine  price  put  upon  knowledge  ;  in- 
terrogate, desire  to  get  the  secret  ;  free  yourself  from  all 


VI  EVOLUTION    OF    NATURE. 

prejudice,  look  at  truth  in  the  true  spirit  and  from  the  right 
stand-point,  then  nature  will  unfold  her  sacred  scrolls  and 
answer  your  questions. 

She  has  epics  and  lyrics  for  the  poet  ;  cartoons,  friezes 
and  sculptured  beauty  for  the  artist  ;  points,  lines,  curves, 
cones  and  motions  for  the  mathematician  ;  rocks,  fossils, 
eruptions,  ripple  marks  and  revolutions  for  the  scientist  ; 
plans  and  purposes,  progress  and  power  and  designs  for 
the  philosopher  and  theologian — all  is  the  working-plan  of 
the  divine  mind  in  unfolding  His  eternal,  infinite  ways  to 
finite  mind. 

THERE  is  AN  EVOLUTION  OF  NATURE. 

"One  indissoluble  chain  binds  together  all  nature.'" — Humboldt. 

The  methods  of  the  Author  of  nature  may  be  examined, 
for  the  law  by  which  things  are  held  together  is  exact  and 
mathematical.  The  great  law  of  chemical  equivalents 
binds  into  form  the  rocks,  metals,  liquids  and  gases  in 
arithmetical  proportion  ;  crystals,  mountains  and  worlds 
with  their  motions  in  space,  are  all  exhibitions  of  law.  The 
visible  world  is  a  divine  system  of  mathematical  science — 
spheres,  cubes,  squares,  angles,  lines  and  motions.  As- 
tronomy is  a  system  of  celestial  mechanics  ;  geometrical 
forms  moving  according  to  geometrical  laws.  Mineralogy 
is  a  divine  text-book  in  solid  geometry,  and  the  arrange- 
ment of  leaves  on  their  stems  is  a  chapter  ,on  arithmetical 
ratios. 

"The  universe  is  the  realized  thought  of  God." — Carlyle. 

The  universe,  including  man  as  the  climax  of  being,  is 
an  evolution  of  God's  thought  revealed  in  His  plans.  This 
world  and  all  worlds,  including  all  phenomena,  physical 
and  spiritual  in  all  detail  are  but  the  manifestation  of  the 
invisible  and  personally  conscious  intelligence  working  out 


EVOLUTION   OF   MAN.  Vll 

His  plans  according  to  His  own  methods.  Earth  must  be 
turned  upside  down  and  inside  out  in  order  that  iron  moun- 
tains might  be  formed  and  the  precious  metals  might  be  de- 
posited in  the  secret  places  of  the  rocks  ;  that  salt  might  be 
brought  to  the  surface,  and  minerals  within  the  reach  of  man  ; 
that  stone  might  be  put  in  the  quarries  for  his  palace  and 
marble  for  his  tomb.  All  the  lower  forms  of  being  are  both 
prelude  and  prophecy  of  man,  the  last  term  in  the  ascending 
series. 

THERE  is  AN  EVOLUTION  OF  MAN. 

"Man  cannot  think  highly  enough  of  man." — Kant. 

Man  is  God's  ideal  of  creation — he  came  into  the  world 
bearing  His  own  image — the  highest  evolution  of  God's 
thought ;  endowed  with  reason,  imagination,  conscience  and 
will  ;  a  microcosm  to  be  evolved  and  developed  by  special  law. 
The  top-stone  of  the  temple.  The  incarnation  of  soul  and 
spirit  in  a  free  personality  ;  not  a  developed  animal,  but  re- 
lated to  the  animal  kingdom  as  the  scaffolding  is  to  the 
temple. 

A  being  destined  to  command  all  the  forces  of  nature  ; 
able  to  cut  down  the  forests  and  quarry  the  rocks  from  their 
mountain  homes  and  convert  them  into  cities  ;  to  melt  the 
hills  of  iron  and  mould  them  into  instruments  of  husbandry 
and  shape  them  to  the  tracks  of  commerce.  Able  to  har- 
ness the  lightning  and  imprison  the  steam  and  turn  the 
world  into  a  speaking  gallery,  and  hold  communion  with 
the  Creator  Himself. 

"Connection  exquisite  of  distant  worlds  ! 
Distinguished  link  in  being's  endless  chain — 
Midway  from  nothing   to  the  Deity." 

Man's  relation  to  his  Creator  is  contained  in  the  univer- 
sal formula — 

"/«  Him  we  live  and  move  and  have  our  being." 


Vlll  EVOLUTION   OP   HISTORY. 

THERE  is  AN  EVOLUTION  OF  HISTORY. 

"/s  //  not  worth  while,  for  the  sake  of  the  history  of  man  and  na- 
tions, to  study  the  surface  of  the  globe  in  its  relation  to  its  inhab- 
it a  n  ts  ?  —  Goet/i  e. 

The  see-saw  of  civilizations,  empires  and  nations  is  the 
great  law  of  progress  —  the  evolution  of  national  character 
is  related  to  the  graves  of  the  buried  past.  Out  of  the 
ruins  of  the  old  come  the  institutions  of  the  new.  Death  is 
the  prophecy  of  life. 


is  the  purpose  toward  which  the  whole  animal  creation 
tends  from  the  first  appearance  of  the  paleozoic  fish."  —  Agassis. 

The  fish  is  not  the  first  form  of  man,  not  the  first  cast 
of  the  divine  Artist,  but  a  prophecy  of  the  coming  man  :  a 
chapter  in  the  plan  of  God.  There  is  a  universal  stamp 
put  upon  all  organic  being.  Individuality  has  permanent 
and  fixed  laws  that  are  immutable  through  all  changes. 
Each,  after  its  own  kind,  is  the  divine  law  transmitted  to  all 
living  forms.  Flower  and  fish,  forest  and  family  have  kept 
their  forms  and  preserved  their  habits  amid  all  the  revolutions 
of  time.  But  there  is  a  plan,  a  purpose,  toward  which  all 
creation  tends  —  plant,  animal,  man  and  nations.  Had  we 
seeds  from  the  plants  of  Eden  they  would  produce  the  .same 
kind  of  flowers  in  California  as  in  their  native  home.  The 
form,  color  and  odor  only  can  be  affected  by  environment. 

"  Nations  are  God's  training  schools  for  the  development  of 
man.'''  —  A.  f.  \. 

Nations  are  not  multitudes  or  masses  of  people,  but 
organized  men,  bound  together  by  some  thought-force. 
A  complete  history  of  man  would  include  the  historj*  of 
all  the  nations  of  the  world,  and  perhaps  the  history  of  all 
worlds.  The  national  training  of  the  individual  is  part 
of  the  divine  plan. 

The  first  great  convention  was  held  at  Babel,  when  they 


KVOLUTION   OF   HISTORY.  IX 

resolved  to  build  a  race-monument  ;  but  their  plans 
were  defeated  by.  the  great  law  of  decentralization.  Their 
speech  was  confounded  and  the  sand-lot  mob  was  dispersed. 

Israel  was  evolved,  by  a  divine  process,  from  the  best 
stock  and  under  the  most  favorable  environment. 

Abraham  and  family  immigrated  to  the  best  country  and 
to  the  best  climate  on  the  face  of  the  earth,  and  were  schooled 
for  two  hundred  years.  They  were  expatriated  and  trained 
in  the  best  school  and  among  the  best  educated  people  of  the 
world.  Here  they  developed  a  character  and  a  leader,  and 
returned  to  their  old  home  and  planted  a  new  civilization. 

The  temple  was  a  monument  of  the  true,  the  beautiful 
and  the  good.  Religious  thought-power  has  been  the 
intellectual  and  moral  muscle  that  has  elevated  all  peoples. 
Their  monuments  are  the  keys  to  their  characters,  and  the 
character  of  their  faith,  and  their  loyalty  to  their  beliefs, 
are  the  laws  of  their  development. 

The  force  of  religious  Jdeas  gave  birth  to  every  motion 
that  quarried  the  stone  for  the  temple,  and  built  the  mighty 
superstructure  of  the  pyramids. 

The  Parthenon  was  the  incarnation  of  art,  oratory, 
philosophy  and  poetry.  Athens  was  the  intellectual  gym- 
nasium of  the  race.  They  were  not  scientists,  studying 
rocks  and  fossils  of  forgotten  ages,  but  a  nation  of  poets  —  the 
world's  best  dreamers  —  struggling  for  the  light,  searching 
for  God.  Their  history  marks  the  limits  of  the  highest 
pOvSsible  intellectual  evolution.  They  must  have  more 
light,  moral  light,  or  perish. 

The  great  law  of  historical  evolution  is  found  in  the 
revolutionary  power  of  ideas.  America  has  reached  the 
greatest  results  and  highest  development  of  all  the  centuries. 
She  has  built  the  state  on  the  doctrine  of  a  personal  God,  a 
Divine  Superintendent  and  Supreme  Judge,  and  the  politi- 
cal equality  and  personal  liberty  of  man. 

Caste,  culture  and  law  have  all  failed  in  the  past ;  the 


X  EVOLUTION    OF   HISTORY. 

evolution  of  the  future  nation  and  the  future  man  must 
depend  upon  a  correct  idea  of  God,  and  a  complete  loyalty 
to  His  will. 

Any  lecture  system  that  promotes  these  two  thoughts  will  be 
an  invat^able  blessing  to  any  community. 

Bishop  Fowler  is  right  when  he  so  emphatically  affirms 
that  EVOLUTION  is  the  supreme  idea  of  the  age.  He  states 
his  theory  of  evolution  in  his  own  brief  way:  "This  great 
order  of  nature  holds  over  the  unfolding  of  human  history." 

Human  history  is  the  unfolding  of  God's  plans.  The 
past  is  the  prophecy  of  the  future  ;  for  God's  methods  of 
dealing  with  men  are  the  same  for  all  ages. 

This  age  recognizes,  as  never  before,  the  fact  ofsGod  as 
the  great  factor  in  history.  The  personal  superintendency 
of  all  the  forces  of  history  ' '  have  been  perfecting  the  types 
of  our  life  and  maturing  results  in  the  ages  behind  us. ' ' 

An  evolution  of  events,  without  God  behind  them, 
would  not  only  be  unchristian,  but  unphilosophic  and  un- 
scientific. 

With  such  a  conception  of  evolution  as  the  scientific  idea 
of  this  age,  we  looked  forward  to  the  course  of  lectures  an- 
nounced by  Dr.  Jordan  with  great  interest.  A  scientific 
savan  was  to  speak  in  the  interests  of  the  higher  education, 
as  the  representative  of  a  great  university,  in  his  own 
chosen  field,  and  upon  his  own  specialty  ;  we  had  a  right 
to  expect  a  great  treat  —  at  least  a  great  literary  and 
scientific  entertainment.  Dr.  Jordan  was,  therefore,  received 
without  prejudice  and  greeted  with  enthusiasm  for  he  had 
come  to  tell  us  the  secret  of  ourselves. 

"Whence  came  I  here,  and  how,  so  marvelously 
Constructed  and  conceived  ?     Unknown  !  this  clod 

Lives  through  some  high  energy  ; 
For  form  itself  it  could  not  be." — Derzhavin. 


LECTURE  /. 

CLASSIFICATION    OF    NATURE    AND    THE    PHI- 
LOSOPHY OF  LIFE. 


Sviyi^ABUS — Objects  in  nature  may  be  viewed — As  they  appear — As 
they  were — As  they  are — As  they  really  are  — What  we  know 
about  them  we  know  as  a  state  of  change —  Species  are  not  en- 
tities but  phases  in  change — Varieties  due  to  innate  tendencies — 
Double  parentage  and  other  surroundings. 


Dr.  Jordan  began  his  lecture  with  a  weird  poem  from 
Boyesen.  There  is  witchcraft  in  his  skill.  Poison  lurks  in 
the  brilliancy  of  the  basalisk  and  deadly  error  is  hid  in  the 
wild  and  beautiful  jungles  of  poetry. 

"A  sacred  kinship  I  would  not  forgo, 
Binds  me  to  all  that  breathes. 
I  am  the  child  of  earth  and  air  and  sea — 
My  lullaby  by  hoarse  silurian  storms 
Was  chanted.     Through  endless  changing  forms 
Of  plant  and  bird  and  beast,  unceasingly 
The  toiling  ages  wrought  to  fashion  me. 
So,  these  large  ancestors  have  left  a  trace 
Of  their  strong  souls  in  mine,  defying  death  and  time; 
I  grow  and  blossom  as  the  tree, 
And  ever  feel  deep,  delving,  earthy  roots 
Building  me  closer  to  the  common  clay  ; 
Yet  with  its  airy  impulse  upward  shoots 
My  soul  into  the  realms  of  light  and  day. 

And  thine,  O  Sea,  stern  mother  of  my  soul, 
Thy  tempests  rock  me  ;  and  thy  billows  roll." 


2  *  CLASSIFICATION    OF    NATURE. 

This  bewitching  poem  is  a  key  to  the  course  of  lectures; 
though  given  without  comment  it  created  an  atmosphere 
which  lasted  during  the  six  weeks  of  the  lecture -course. 
Boyesen  disclaims  all  kinship  with  Adam.  He  was  no 
mud-dried  silurian — the  sea  was  the  "stern  mother  of  his 
soul."  He  was  not  a  poor  sinner  distilled  through  long 
ages  of  depravity  ;  his  father  was  a  "monad,"  and  him- 
self was  nurtured  on  the  music  of  the  storms,  why  should 
he  not  defy  "death  and  time  ?" 

Professor  Jordan  did  not  stick  very  close  to  his  syllabus 
in  this  introductory  lecture.  He  said  that  the  subject  of 
evolution  was  to  have  a  large  place  in  the  University 
course  ;  seventy-five  lectures  were  to  be  given  to  it ;  that 
he  would  endeavor  to  reduce  this  course  to  six.  Next  he 
recommended  the  text  books  for  the  people  to  read.  He 
said  Darwin's  "Origin  of  Species"  was  "the  greatest 
book  since  St.  Paul."  He  did  not  claim  Paul  as  an  evolu- 
tionist, but  places  the  "Origin  of  Species"  next  to  the 
Epistle  to  the  Romans  and  Darwin  next  to  the  great  apos- 
tle, and  the  greatest  genius  of  the  race. 

He  astonished  his  audience  with  the  announcement  that 
he  was  not  in  harmony  with  the  old  college  curriculum. 
That  he  was  a  disciple  of  Darwin,  and  that  Darwinism  was 
in  harmony  with  the  Bible. 

His  classification  of  the  objects  of  nature  is  no  credit  to 
a  scientific  savan — but  was  necessary  to  provide  a  basis  for 
his  lecture  course.  It  is  a  fallacy  that  has  no  basis  in  facts. 
Take  away  his  classification  and  the  bottom  falls  out  of  his 
tub.  The  momentary  state  of  things  means  nothing.  "  A 
state  of  change  "  is  an  abstraction,  and  not  a  definition  for 
a  concrete  object.  If  there  are  no  real  objects  in  nature, 
why,  and  what  is  there  to  classify  ?  He  utterly  ignores 
the  greatest  scientific  movement  of  the  century  —  the  new 
method  of  the  study  of  science.  The  historical  method  of 
study  is  that  which  characterizes  this  age.  It  has  done 


SPECIES   AND    ENTITIES.  3 

more  for  scientific  progress  than  all  things  else  combined. 
To  know  anything  scientifically,  we  must  know  it  his- 
torically ;  must  see  it  in  all  its  relations  in  time  and  space. 
The  chemist  can  not  know  an  acorn  by  the  processes  of  the 
laboratory  ;  he  must  plant  it  and  watch  it  grow  into  the 
oak,  and  wait  till  it  reproduces  itself  by  bearing  acorns. 

We  cannot  scientifically  know  man  by  his  ancestry, 
could  we  trace  his  family  tree  to  the  very  root ;  man  belongs 
to  two  worlds,  and  we  must  have  his  entire  history  to  bring 
him  in  the  range  of  science  —  hence  man  cannot  be  scien- 
tifically known. 

His  classification  of  objects  was  to  enable  him  to 
define  species,  so  that  there  would  be  an  apparent  basis 
for  his  superstructure.  If  "  species  are  not  entities  at  all, 
but  phases  in  change,"  then  all  things  (if  there  are  any 
things)  are  identical  in  space,  and  the  only  distinction 
between  a  monad  and  a  man  is  that  of  time  —  a  man  is  but 
another  ' '  phase  in  change  ' '  of  the  monad.  Quod  erat 
demons  tra  ndu  m . 

Species  is  not  an  abstract  notion,  a  nonentity,  or 
even  a  name  of  a  class,  but  a  reality  ;  a  concrete  historical 
fact.  Species  is  a  collection  of  individual  characteristics 
or  resemblances  into  a  single  group,  and  all  beings  having 
these  characteristics  belong  to  the  same  species.  Species 
is  no  more  an  abstraction  than  man  —  man  is  unthink- 
able only  as  a  concrete  individual  person.  Species  is  the 
common  denominator  of  several  distinct  factors,  and  is 
not  the  common  denominator,  as  really  a  number  as  the 
several  factors  ?  All  this  talk  about  species  not  being  enti- 
ties is  logomachy,  and  unworthy  the  consideration  of  an 
intelligent  public. 

The  "  Origin  of  Species,"  which  is  the  sum  of  Darwin- 
ism, is  a  bold  assumption  in  the  face  of  all  the  millions  of 
facts  Darwin  himself  has  gathered.  There  is  not  one 
in  his  favor  ;  his  theory  contradicts  all  his  facts,  and  hence 


4  ORIGIN    OF   SPECIES,    UNSCIENTIFIC. 

unscientific.  It  is  opposed  to  all  philosophy,  for  it  re- 
jects the  only  cause  for  the  existence  of  organized  bodies  : 
that  of  specific  life.  It  is  preposterous,  for  it  contradicts 
the  only  reason  why  one  body  differs  from  another,  and 
destroys  all  distinctions  between  objects. 

If  there  is  no  distinction  between  sameness  and  simi- 
larity in  objects,  there  is  no  basis  for  classification,  and  all 
knowledge  of  them  is  impossible,  and  hence  science  is  im- 
possible. Dr.  Jordan  proposes  to  reduce  all  the  millions  of 
species  to  one  form  or  kind  —  to  sameness  in  the  cell  filled 
with  protoplasm  —  and  all  differences  in  objects  to  variety 
of  this  one  cell,  produced  by  environment.  So  that  man  is 
but  a  single  variety  of  the  monad,  and  not  a  distinct  species 
of  being.  To  reduce  this  dogma  of  species  to  an  exact 
thought,  that  may  be  understood  by  all,  and  may  be  made 
to  appear  in  its  hideous  nakedness,  we  will  put  it  in  form  of 
an  equation  : 

Monad  plus  environment  plus  time  equals  Darwin.  Man 
is  but  ' '  a  phase  in  change  ' '  of  the  monad  ;  a  variety  of  the 
primal  genus. 


LECTURE  II. 
ORGANIC  LIFE  AND  LAW  OF  DEVELOPMENT. 


—  Law  of  Heredity  —  Creatures  resemble  their  ancestors  — 
Bach  creature  not  an  "ego,"  but  a  mosaic  of  its  ancestry  — 
Physical  basis  of  heredity  —  Theories  —  Encasement  —  Pangenesis 
—  Sex  gemmules  —  Continuity  of  germ  substance—  Law  of  ex- 
ternal stimulus  —  Environment  —  Is  character  acquired  in- 
herited ?  —  Individuality  —  Struggle  for  existence  —  Theory  of 
population. 

The  Professor  introduced  his  second  lecture  with  that 
matchless  vagary  of  Walt  Whitman  on  the  influence  of 
environment  upon  character  : 


PERSONALITY   AND    ENVIRONMENT.  5 

"  There  was  a  child  went  forth  every  day, 

And  the  first  object  he  looked  upon,  that  object  he  became, 

And  the  object  became  part  of  him  for  a  day,  or  a  part  of  a  day, 

Or  for  many  years,  or  stretching  cycles  of  years, 

The  early  lilacs  became  part  of  that  child. 

The  family  usages,  the  language,  the  furniture,  the  yearning  and 

swelling  heart, 
Aifection  that  will  not  be  gainsayed,  the  sense  of  what  is  real,  the 

thought  that  if  after  all  it  should  prove  unreal, 
The   doubts   of    day-time,   the   doubts   of    night-time,    the    curious 

whether  and  how  — 
Whether  that  which  appears  is  so,  or  is  it  all  flashes  and  sparks  ? 

The  horizon's  edge,  the  flying  sea  crow,  the  fragrance  of  the  salt 

marsh  and  shore  mud, 
These  became  part  of  that  child  who  went  forth  every  day,  and  who 

now  goes,  and  will  always  go  forth  every  day." 

This  is  the  scientific  key  to  life  and  character.  We  are 
but  creatures  of  circumstance  ;  the  difference  between  men 
is  due  to  environment.  This  is  less  than  half  a  truth,  and 
hence  a  dangerous  error.  The  personality  of  the  child  is 
left  out.  This  poem  and  this  theory  makes  too  much  of 
circumstance  ;  let  personality  come  to  the  front  and  the 
facts  are  reversed,  and  they  prove  that  man  may  create  his 
own  circumstances,  and  men  of  character  do. 

The  doctrines  "  that  creatures  resemble  their  ancestors, 
that  like  begets  like, ' '  are  common  postulates,  and  need  no 
discussion  ;  but  that  ' '  each  creature  is  only  a  mosaic  of  its 
ancestry,"  a  complex  being  without  personality —  "  not  an 
ego  "  —  is  an  absurdity  so  monstrous  as  to  perish  on  the 
threshhold  of  its  birth.  Yet  this  is  a  logical  conclusion 
from  Darwinism.  If  "like  begets  like,"  how  could  the 
monad —  a  cell  filled  with  protoplasm  —  beget  .a  man  with 
personality  ?  Now,  if  I  am  neither  my  father  nor  my 
mother,  my  grandfather  nor  my  grandmother,  and  am  not 
myself,  who  am  I  ? 

All  the  theories  of  a  physical  basis  of  life  are  abandoned 


0  PERSONALITY    AND    ENVIRONMENT. 

by  all  respectable  thinkers  —  encasement  was  killed  by  the 
microscope  ;  pangenesis  died  with  la  grippe  ;  sex  gemmules 
committed  suicide  ;  germ  substance  was  dead-born.  Life, 
whether  vegetable,  animal  or  human,  remains  a  profound 
mystery,  beyond  the  realm  of  science.  The  scalpel  and 
miscroscope  cannot  find  it ;  the  crucible  and  retort  say  it  is 
not  in  me.  It  is  a  transcendental  problem,  formulated  by 
St.  Paul  —  "In  Him  we  live,  and  move,  and  have  our 
being. ' '  Life,  motion  and  being  are  in  God. 

The  influence  of  external  nature  on  the  individuals  was 
a  most  interesting  discussion.  Here  Dr.  Jordan  showed 
himself  a  great  master  of  facts  in  his  chosen  field  of  science. 

He  claimed  that  500,000  species  of  animals  and  more 
than  that  many  species  of  plants  are  now  catalogued,  and 
10,000  were  being  added  each  year ;  that  the  extinct 
species  were  far  greater  than  the  living  ;  that  species  were 
now  disappearing.  The  auk,  the  Labrador  duck,  sea-cow 
and  passenger  pigeon  were  examples.  He  related  many 
curious  facts,  and  held  the  attention  with  the  power  of  the 
sorcerer.  He  showed  how  species  were  dependent  on  spe- 
cies, and  how  the  dependencies  existed  between  the  animal 
and  vegetable  world.  How  clover  depended  on  cats,  bees, 
seal,  salmon  and  otter,  carp  and  canvas-backs  —  he  enter- 
tained his  audience  with  curious  facts  of  the  substitution  of 
one  species  for  another  —  how  rats  took  the  place  of  flies  in 
New  Zealand.  He  stated  the  law  of  increase,  in  some  of  the 
most  remarkable  cases,  of  codfishes  and  sparrows.  He  said 
that  three  flies  would  devour  a  dead  horse  as  quickly  as  a 
lion,  for  before  the  horse  was  half  gone  there  would  be  mil- 
lions of  flies  —  that  one  pair  of  flies  would  produce  a 
100,000,000,000,000  in  ninety  days. 

He  did  all  this  to  show  that  there  must  come  a  time  of 
final  equilibrium,  when  death  would  come,  and  extinction 
would  begin,  and  the  balance  be  restored.  He  said : 
"  More  are  born  than  mature  ;  all  live  who  can  ;  all  are  de- 


SCIENTIFIC    SOLUTION    OF    DEATH.  / 

stroyed  that  cannot  meet  the  conditions  —  the  killing  was 
never  indiscriminate.  The  life  history  of  the  individual  is 
an  epitome  of  the  life  history  of  the  race." 

His  SCIENTIFIC  SOLUTION  OF  DEATH 

Is  but  an  application  of  the  old  Malthusian  law  of  popula- 
tion to  animals  and  plants. 

This  law  lacks  one  important  factor  as  an  argument :  it 
is  not  true.  This  has  been  shown  so  frequently  and  for  so 
many  years  that  the  wonder  is  that  it  should  be  again  re- 
peated, and  that  by  so  great  an  educational  leader  as  Dr. 
Jordan.  The  statement  that  population  increases  in  a 
geometrical  ratio,  while  food  increases  in  an  arithmetical 
ratio,  contradicts  all  facts,  and  the  theory  was  discarded 
before  the  Doctor  was  born. 

If  it  were  true  that  man  and  animals  increased  as  the 
numbers  2,  4,  8,  16,  etc.,  while  food  increased  only  as  the 
numbers  1,  2,  3,  4,  etc.,  then  death  would  be  the  fate  of  a 
large  proportion,  and  in  this  precise  mathematical  ratio. 

That  any  intelligent  man  should  repeat  so  grave  an  er- 
ror in  the  shadow  of  the  school  houses  is  another  fact  to  be 
accounted  for  by  some  one. 

It  has  been  shown,  when  the  population  of  England  was 
but  two  millions,  famines  were  frequent.  Now,  that  it  has 
been  multiplied  by  ten,  instead  of  eighteen  millions  dying 
from  want  of  food  they  have  bread  and  enough  to  spare. 
This  law  has  no  existence,  and  hence  has  no  application  to 
fish  and  fowl,  and  flies  and  fleas,  how  much  less  to  man. 

Mathematical  law  undergirds  the  universe.  Plants  and 
planets,  life  and  death  reveal  the  mathematics  of  nature. 
Sublimer  than  the  discoveries  of  Euclid  or  the  revelations 
of  Pythagores.  Kepler's  laws  of  planetary  motion,  the 
phillotactic  arrangements  of  leaves  on  their  stem,  the 
tables  of  human  mortality  are  irrefragable  evidence  that  the 


8  SCIENTIFIC  SOLUTION   OF   DEATH. 

Great  Architect  is  a  geometrican  and  works  by  mathe- 
matical law  ;  but  this  statement  of  Dr.  Jordan  is  a  fancy, 
and  not  a  fact.  When  applied  to  men  it  has  socialistic 
revolution  in  it ;  it  was  invented  in  the  interests  of  the  few  ; 
it  is  top  anti-republican  to  be  applied  to  dogs  or  donkeys, 
and  ought  not  to  go  unchallenged.  It  is  not  true  that  the 
majority  suffer  and  die  for  the  want  of  food.  It  is  not  true 
that  the  population  is  greater  than  the  supply  of  food,  else 
doom  is  fixed  before  birth,  and  mortality  and  misery,  and 
mobs  are  questions  of  fate.  It  is  not  true  that  the  misery  of 
Ireland  is  because  they  produce  more  babies  than  potatoes  ; 
nor  that  famine  is  in  the  world  because  the  world's  ware- 
houses are  empty. 

The  Minneapolis  mills  can  feed  all  the  hungry  of  Rus- 
sia, and  California  furnish  grain  enough  to  supply  the  ware- 
houses of  the  famine  district. 

Science  must  furnish  a  better  theodicy  than  this  if  it 
would  claim  the  respect  of  intelligent  people.  No  gen- 
eralization has  been  made  broad  enough  to  include  all  facts, 
and  hence  no  theory  can  be  complete.  Science  must  not  be 
slandered. 

Man  can  trace  plan  and  purpose  in  all  nature,  but  not 
the  reasons  why.  Nature  is  a  symbol  of  mind,  a  system  of 
concrete  thought ;  a  divine  sentence,  chapter  or  book,  made 
up  of  distinct  words  ;  a  formulation  of  distinct  thoughts  — 
not  a  development  of  a  single  thought,  but  a  union  of  a 
system  of  thought. 

' '  I^aws  below  are  sisters  to  the  laws  above, ' '  said 
Socrates.  Natural  and  spiritual  law  is  not  "  identical,"  as 
Professor  Drummond  teaches,  but  related.  The  moral 
world  is  the  outcome  of  the  natural  world.  A  complete 
theodicy  might  show  that  sacrifice  is  both  the  science  and 
theology  of  death.  The  vegetable  world  lives  by  consum- 
ing the  light,  air  and  soil,  £>ut  behold  the  beautiful  life 
that  results.  Animals  live  on  the  vegetable  world  and  on 


NATURAL    SELECTION.  9 

one  another,  and  man  upon  all ;  but  the  ideal  man  is  the 
one  who  voluntarily  sacrifices  himself  for  the  good  of 
others.  Death  is  the  shadow  of  a  great  truth  ;  sacrifice  the 
highest  exhibition  of  moral  force,  and  not  a  necessity  of 
mathematical  law  ;  and  the  doctrine  of  ' '  the  struggle  for 
existence,"  on  which  Dr.  Jordan  depends  for  so  great  a 
portion  of  his  lectures,  is  only  a  scientific  fancy,  without  a 
fact  to  support  it.  Fancy  may  be  a  factor  of  the  poet,  but 
not  of  the  pedagogue. 


LECTURE  III, 
NATURAL  SELECTION. 

SYLLABUS— Natural  selection— Survival  of  the  fittest,  in  the  strug- 
gle for  existence — Man  changes  species  by  changing  conditions 
— As  in  seed  corn — Stock  breeding,  poultry,  pigons,  rabbits, 
orchards,  etc. — Natural  selection  perpetually  going  on— No 
progress  without  it — Gills  in  man — Embryology  reveals  the 
history  of  the  race. 


"  Each  species  of  animal  or  plant  has  been  subjected  to 
the  various  influences  implied  in  the  term  '  natural  selec- 
tion,' and  under  varying  conditions  its  representatives  have 
undergone  many  different  modifications." — D.  S.  Jordan. 

' l  Naturalists  of  high  authority  have  followed  Mr.  Dar- 
win through  all  his  arguments,  and  have  shown  in  the 
clearest  manner  that  his  theory  is  inconsistent  with  the  very 
facts  upon  which  he  has  rested  it.  The  theory  of  natural 
selection." — Sir  David  Brewster. 

"There  are,  no  doubt,  differences  in  the  individuals  of 
a  species,  depending  on  soil  and  on  different  conditions  of 
heat,  light  and  moisture.  But  these  differences  are  not  in- 


10  NATURAL   SELECTION. 

compatible  with  the  idea  of  a  common  origin,  and  there  is 
always  a  tendency  to  return  to  the  type.  The  varieties  of 
apples  and  pears  produced  by  grafting,  when  allowed  to 
grow  wild,  produce  the  original  crab  from  whence  all  the 
varieties  come." — Prof.  Balfour. 

"Why,  if  such  transformations  have  occurred,  do  not 
the  bowels  of  the  earth  preserve  the  records  of  such  a 
curious  genealogy  ?  ' '  — Curvier. 

' '  Everything  declares  the  species  to  have  its  origin  in  a 
distinct  creation,  not  in  a  gradual  variation  from  some 
original  type." — Sir  Charles  Bell. 

"  That  species  have  a  real  existence  in  nature,  and  that 
each  was  endowed  at  the  time  of  its  creation  with  the  at- 
tributes and  organs  by  which  it  is  distinguished,  is  the 
result  of  my  investigation." — LyelL 

"  It  is  my  belief  that  naturalists  are  chasing  a  phantom 
in  their  search  after  some  material  gradation  among  created 
beings,  by  which  the  whole  animal  kingdom  may  have  been 
derived  from  a  single  germ  or  germs.  It  would  seem,  from 
the  frequency  with  which  this  notion  is  revived  —  ever  re- 
turning upon  us  with  hydra-headed  tenacity  of  life,  and 
presenting  itself  under  a  new  form  as  soon  as  the  preceding 
has  been  exploded  or  set  aside  —  that  it  has  a  certain 
fascination  for  the  human  mind:  a  desire  to  explain  our 
own  existence. ' ' — Agassiz. 

"  Natural  selection  is  perpetually  going  on,"  "  Condi- 
tions change  and  change  adaptations."  "All  forms  di- 
verging ;  no  structure  returns  to  previous  stages." — D.  S. 
Jordan. 

' '  In  the  fossil  remains  of  the  pre- Adamite  ages  there  is 
not  the  slightest  proof  of  any  variations  in  the  successive 
inhabitants  of  the  earth." — Sir  David  Brewster. 

"  The  experiments  upon  domesticated  animals  and  culti- 


THREE-SOULED    FOETAL   DEVELOPMENT.  11 

vated  plants,  on  which  adherents  base  their  views,  are  en- 
tirely foreign  to  the  matter  in  hand,  since  the  varieties  thus 
brought  about  by  the  fostering  care  of  man  are  of  an  en- 
tirely different  character  from  those  observed  among  wild 
species  —  therefore  positive  evidence  is  inapplicable." 
Agassis. 

"Should  a  wise  man  utter  vain  knowledge  and  fill  his  belly  with 
the  east  wind  ? 

"  Ask  now  the  beasts,  and  they  shall  teach  thee  ;  and  the  fowls  of 
the  air,  and  they  shall  tell  thee."— Job. 

All  great  scientists  are  a  unit  in  rejecting  ''Natural 
Selection  "  as  untrue  and  unscientific.  Beside,  all  the 
beasts  and  birds  are  against  Professor  Jordan  —  his  own 
facts  condemn  his  theory.  Must  facts  give  way  to  fancy  ? 

In  all  his  illustrations  of  changes  in  animals  and  plants 
not  one  new  species  has  been  produced.  The  dogs,  horses, 
sheep,  pigeons  and  fruit  have  been  changed  a  little  in  form, 
size,  color,  etc.,  but  nothing  new  has  been  produced. 
What  if  the  wool  may  be  made  finer  on  the  sheep,  the  bush 
taken  out  of  the  dog's  tail,  the  horns  made  shorter  in  the 
cow,  the  legs  longer  in  the  horse,  by  breeding  ?  Does  not 
the  sheep  remain  a  sheep  ?  the  cow  a  cow,  with  all  her 
depravity?  and  the  dog  continue  to  bark?  The  pigeon 
may  spread  his  tail,  but  never  becomes  a  link  between 
the  parent  and  the  turkey-cock. 

Let  him  show  us  one  new  bird,  produced  in  a  thousand 
years,  among  all  the  fowls  of  the  mountain  ;  one  new  beast 
since  human  history  began,  and  he  will  command  some  re- 
spect as  a  teacher. 

Give  us  a  cross  between  the  sheep  and  the  goat,  Pro- 
fessor—  a  real,  brand  new  somethijig  —  and  we  will  be  de- 
lighted to  listen  to  the  remaining  sixty-nine  lectures  on 
Evolution.  A  specialist,  an  enthusiast  in  natural  selection, 
a  scientific  savan,  ought  to  be  able  to  produce  this  some- 


12  THREE-SOULED    FOETAL   DEVELOPMENT. 

thing,  or  give  a  scientific  reason  why.     A  solution  of  either 
horn  of  the  dilemma  will  be  equally  satisfactory. 

"  Embryology  reveals  the  history  of  the  race.  The  inside  of  an 
animal  tells  its  ancestry,  the  outside  its  environment. — D.  S.  Jordan. 

The  lecturer  here  introduced  a  diagram  of  the  embryo 
man  in  his  three  stages  of  evolution. 

First,  a  man  is  a  plant ;  then  an  animal,  a  fish  with 
gills ;  then  a  real,  live  baby.  I  never  liked  fish,  and 
claim  no  relation  with  them.  If  I  ever  were  a  plant,  I 
think  I  must  have  been  a  daisy.  But  Professor  Jordan  is 
an  enthusiastic  Darwinian,  and  he  is  delighted  with  these 
three  chapters  in  his  history,  and  is  proud  of  his  family 
tree.  He  has  mastered  all  the  secrets  of  his  own  biography, 
and  no  man  who  sees  his  splendid  form  will  doubt  that  he 
is  the  ''survival  of  the  fittest." 

No  man  can  object  to  his  facts,  or  to  his  diagram  of  the 
facts.  Facts,  like  the  multiplication  table,  will  not  down  : 
they  will  not  die  by  ridicule.  His  facts  are  not  new.  Km- 
bryology  is  older  than  Darwin. 

Professor  Jordan  gave  us  two  theories  of  evolution  — 
Neo-Darwinism   and   Neo-Lamarkism.      Darwin   accounts 
for  all  changes  in    species  by   natural    selection  ;  L,amark 
claims  that  all  differences  are  inherited. 

Now,  why  did  not  the  Professor  give  us  I^amark's 
theory  of  the  "  Three-souled  Foetal  Development  ?"  Was 
he  ignorant  of  it  ?  or  did  he  intentionally  withhold  it  ? 
L,amark  denied  that  there  were  three  distinct  souls  mani- 
fest in  embryology,  but  that  plant  life  emerged  into  animal 
life,  and  animal  life  again  into  human  life  ;  or,  a  life  that 
included  both  these  below.  That  this  was  not  an  evolu- 
tion, not  a  development,  but  a  process  of  successive  crea- 
tions. 

Suppose  man's  history  could  be  traced  backward 
through  the  embryo  to  bird,  fish,  flower,  monad  —  then 


THREE-SOULED   FOETAL   DEVELOPMENT.  1 

what  ?  Does  it  follow  that  man  is  a  developed  brute  ? 
man's  animal  nature,  in  the  most  complete  developed 
form,  is  not  man  ?  The  plant  life  and  bird  life  that  seem  to 
mark  his  embryonic  history,  if  born  in  these  different 
stages,  would  not  be  a  baby.  Man  needs  an  upper  story 
put  on  the  animal  by  the  Great  Architect  before  he  is 
human.  From  whence  came  reason,  personality  and  con- 
science ?  ' '  Gird  up  thy  loins  now  like  a  man  ' '  —  answer, 
or  confess  thy  impotency. 

Is  not  man  a  microcosm  ?  a  little  world,  containing  all 
the  forms  of  life  below  him,  and  the  image  of  the  Deity 
above  him  ? 

Man  cannot  be  put  into  a  diagram  ;  he  is  more  than 
anatomy  and  physiology.  Science  must  compass  all  the 
facts  concerning  man  before  it  should  presume  to  make  a 
deduction.  No  broad-minded  man  will  risk  his  reputation 
on  poorly  digested  and  uncorrelated  facts. 

How  little  physical  forms  have  to  do  with  man  !  Bsop 
must  be  regarded  as  among  the  ' '  survival  of  the  fittest, ' ' 
but  how  wall  he  compare,  physically,  with  John  L,.  Sullivan. 
No  public  lecturer  is  authorized  in  this  age  to  give  an 
opinion  concerning  man  independent  of  the  facts  of 
psychology.  Specialists  are  lop-sided  teachers — useful  in 
their  place  ;  but  this  age  demands  a  highly-cultured,  well- 
balanced  mind  and  well-rounded-up  scholarship. 


14  EVOLUTION    BACKWARD. 


LECTURE  IV. 
DEGENERATION  —  EVOLUTION  BACKWARD. 

SYLLABUS — Degeneration  due  to  want  of  effort,  intensified  by 
parasitism — Fish  in  Mammoth  Cave — Sheltered  life  leads  to 
inefficiency — Parasitic  life  to  degredation — Applications  to 
human  life — "The  Lord's  poor,"  "The  Devil's  poor,"  and 
paupers. 


' '  Some  persons  think  it  hard  that  we  say  to  the  public  : 
Give  no  relief  to  men  or  boys  asking  for  food,  to  women 
begging,  to  children  with  baskets,  ill-clad,  wasted  and  wan." 

"'I  cannot  resist  the  appeal  of  a  child,'  they  say. 
Do  you  know  what  this  means  ?  It  means  the  perpetuation 
of  this  misery.  It  means  condemning  to  a  life  of  hunger 
and  want,  and  exposure,  these  children.  It  means  educa- 
tion of  the  street,  the  after  life  of  vice  and  crime." — D.  S. 
Jordan. 

This  is  a  part  of  the  prelude  of  lecture  four. 

He  gave  some  very  entertaining  facts  concerning  de- 
generate fish,  and  crabs,  and  parasites,  and  then  proceeded 
to  deduce  ethical  principles  from  the  lives  of  fish,  crabs  and 
larva  —  a  scientific  system  of  ethics  for  the  treatment  of  de- 
generate man,  or  the  evolution  of  tramps.  He  informed  us 
the  way  to  study  the  histoty  of  degenerate  animals  was  to 
get  the  egg  and  hatch  out  the  original  father.  In  this  way 
the  blind  fish  of  Mammoth  Cave  was  proved  to  be  identi- 
cal with  the  fish  of  the  Dismal  Swamp.  These  little  fish 
seemed  to  be  the  progenitors  of  Christopher  Columbus. 
They  had  gone  out  on  an  exploring  expedition  when  the 
water  was  high  and  had  undertaken  to  explore  the  un- 
known cave,  but  while  they  were  sailing  on  this  dark  sea 
the  water  went  down,  and  they  got  left. 

He  said  the  American  pig  was  a  degenerate  wild  boar, 


EVOLUTION    BACKWARD.  15 

which  had  nothing  to  do  but  to  feed  on  swill  and  sleep,  so 
that  his  wild,  active,  savage  life  had  been  reduced  to  a  lazy, 
satisfied  grunt.  But  how  long  it  would  take  this  fish  to 
lose  its  fins  and  the  hog  his  grunt,  and  reduce  back  to  the 
monad  without  eyes  or  tail,  Professor  Jordan  did  not  tell  us. 

He  deduced  from  these  facts  the  doctrine  and  the  remedy 
for  human  parasites.  He  said  man  degenerated  into  the 
"Lord's  poor,"  the  "devil's  poor,"  and  "paupers." 
The  Lord's  poor  were  produced  by  misfortune,  sickness  and 
lack  of  training  ;  and  pauperism  was  caused  by  indiscrimi- 
nate giving.  He  illustrated  this  by  a  class  of  human  para- 
sites living  in  the  valley  of  Aosta,  where  the  strong  were 
taken  for  military  service,  and  the  weak  permitted  to  per- 
petuate their  infirmities,  producing  a  people  with  diseased 
glands  called  Goitres.  These  deformed  peasants  inter- 
married with  a  tribe  of  idiots  south  of  the  Alps,  called 
Cretins,  and  the  progeny  was  a  most  wretched  and  de- 
generate people.  The  doctrine  concerning  this  class  is 
called  Cretanism.  He  also  rehearsed  the  stories  of  the 
Jake's  family,  Margaret,  the  mother  of  criminals,  the  Ish- 
mael  family,  and  others. 

From  these  facts  he  deduced  his  scientific  ethics,  which 
he  reduced  to  three  proverbs. 

"  Never  give  money  to  a  blind  man,  for  he  needs  all  his 
strength  to  compete  with  men  that  can  see. ' ' 

"  Whoever  receives  a  windfall  watches  the  wind." 

' '  Should  the  great  stream  of  human  charity  cease  for  a 
week,  pauperism  would  cease." 

Joseph  Cook  says  :  "The  small  philosopher's  rule  is  to 
guess  at  the  half  and  multiply  by  two." 

Facts  are  one  phase  of  things,  but  inferences  from  facts 
is  quite  another.  A  child  may  gather  a  boquet  of  beautiful 
flowers,  and  tie  them  together  with  a  string,  but  only  a 
philosopher  can  classify  them.  Any  man  may  quarry 
stone,  but  it  requires  an  architect  to  build  a  temple. 


16  THE  NEW    ETHICS. 

How  the  facts  concerning  the  lives  of  fishes,  crabs, 
sacidina  and  blind  goby,  and  the  mysteries  of  embryology 
are  related  to  human  conduct,  or  how  they  may  be  made 
the  basis  for  a  system  of  ethics,  is  a  mental  phenomenon, 
stranger,  more  marvelous  than  any  material  fact  found  in 
the  history  of  life  from  the  monad  to  the  man.  What  re- 
lation has  the  life  of  a  parasitic  crab  to  the  Sermon  on  the 
Mount  ?  What  is  this  new  gospel  of  science  ?  this  strange 
extract  of  crabs  and  tunicated  molusks  ? 

"  Never  give  money  to  a  blind  man."  Why?  asks  the 
sympathizing  heart.  Blind  men  may  be  paupers,  but  may 
not  be  parasites.  Poverty  may  not  be  the  result  of  viola- 
tion of  social  law,  or  blindness  the  result  of  hereditary. 
"  Neither  has  this  man  sinned,  nor  his  parents,  that  he  was 
born  blind,"  knocks  the  bottom  out  of  all  the  scientific 
ethics  and  narrows  the  doctrine  of  heredity  to  its  legitimate 
limits.  //  places  'moral  law  as  the  basis  of  all  physical  phe- 
nomena ;  reveals  the  true  method  for  the  interpretation  of  the 
material  world.  It  is  a  base  line  for  a  new  survey  of  a  more 
satisfactory  theodicy,  and  a  broader  science. 

He,  who  made  all  worlds  and  is  the  Author  of  all  law 
alone,  can  interpret  the  mysterious  facts  of  life.  Hear  the 
Great  Teacher :  ' '  Neither  hath  this  man  sinned,  nor  his 
parents,  that  he  was  born  blind."  He  is  not  a  human 
parasite,  nor  a  specimen  of  the  violation  of  the  laws  of 
heredity.  Look  higher  !  He  is  a  personal  sacrifice, 
standing  at  the  cross- streets,  suffering  for  selfish,  sordid 
souls  poorer  than  he.  "  Never  give  money  to  a  blind  man  ! ' ' 
Hasten,  my  brother,  drop  something  into  that  empty  dish  ; 
drop  it  in  for  your  own  sake  —  you  need  it  more  than  he. 
Ten  cents  may  give  him  a  satisfactory  lunch,  but  how  many 
dollars  would  it  take  to  satisfy  a  poor,  sordid,  selfish  soul  ? 
A  man  had  better  be  a  Goitre,  and  have  the  glanders,  or  a 
Cretin  idiot,  and  live  in  the  wilds  of  the  Alps,  and  be  un- 
selfish, than  to  clothe  in  fine  linen  and  fare  sumptuously 


THE    NEW    ETHICS.  1.7 

every  day,  and  have  a  soul  that  did  not  spontaneously  re- 
spond to  the  wants  of  a  blind  man.  Which  is  the  parasite  ? 
the  blind  man,  or  the  blind  leader  of  the  blind  ? 

Why  begin  at  the  crab-end  of  a  man  to  study  him,  or  to 
find  the  laws  that  govern  him  ?  Why  study  only  his 
anatomy  and  physiology,  and  then  proceed  to  make  a 
standard  of  ethics  for  him  ? 

What  can  man  know  about  a  temple  who  has  seen  only 
the  foundation  stones  in  the  quarry,  and  knows  nothing  of 
the  plan,  specifications  and  object  of  the  magnificent  struc- 
ture ? 

"Should  the  great  stream  of  charity  cease  for  a  week, 
pauperism  would  cease."  When  the  stream  ceases  to  flow 
the  fountains  at  the  head  are  dried  up.  This  new  gospel 
of  science  would  dry  up  the  best  heart  of  the  world,  and 
man  would  degenerate  into  a  selfish  race  of  reckless 
anthropoids. 

The  only  remedy  for  pauperism,  and  what  is  still  a  more 
hopeless  form  of  degeneracy,  scientific  skepticism,  is  the 
gospel  of  Jesus  Christ  ;  the  old  and  only  remedy  for  degen- 
eration is  REGENERATION. 


18  IMMUTABILITY   OF   SPECIES. 

LECTURE   V. 
THE  GENERAL  QUESTION  OF  SPECIES. 


one  species  change  into  another  ?  —  The  old  idea  of 
species  passed  away  forever  —  Species  are  like  the  twigs  of  a  tree 
disconnected  from  its  parent  stem  —  Change  in  species  analagous 
to  the  law  of  change  in  words  —  Is  man  a  descendant  of  the 
monkey  ? 


"  The  Norway  birch  is  fair  ; 

The  white  trunks  shine, 
The  green  leaves  twine, 
The  whole  tree  groweth  tall  and  fine, 
For  all  it  wants  is  there — 
Water  and  warmth  and  air. 

"  But  follow  that  persistent  tree 

To  the  limits  of  endless  snow — 
There  you  may  see 
What  a  birch  may  be  ! 
The  whole  tree  showeth  plain  and  free 
How  noble  plants  can  grow 
With  nine  months  under  snow." 

This  is  a  beautiful  poem,  dedicated  to  Dr.  Jordan  by  a 
California  lady.  He  has  honored  her  by  placing  it  at  the 
head  of  this  syllabus.  But  it  ought  to  be  held  too  sacred 
to  be  perverted.  The  birch  has  not  changed  its  species  by 
"  nine  months  winter's  snow."  It  is  still 

"  A  Norway  birch — and  less  than  one  inch  high." 

Its  bark  is  birch,  its  leaves  are  birch,  its  wood  is  birch. 
There  has  been  no  transmutation  of  species,  no  systematic 
change.  The  facts  are  perverted  by  Dr.  Jordan  in  the  in- 
terests of  an  exploded  theory. 

The  great  paleontologists,  as  Curvier,  Agassiz,  Ba- 
sanda,  Falconer,  Forbes,  etc. — the  greatest  geologists,  as 


IS    MAN    A    DESCENDANT    OF    THK    MONKKV  ?  1  <> 

Lyell,  Murchisoil,  Sedwick,  all  teach  the  immutability  of 
species.  If  there  is  anything  established  among  scientists 
it  is  the  permanency  of  species. 

But  the  whole  superstructure  of  Darwinism  must  stand 
or  fall  by  this  dogma  of  the  transmutation  of  species. 
Darwin's  immortality  rests  upon  this.  It  is  the  hinge  on 
which  everything  turns  in  this  entire  discussion.  Dr. 
Jordan  knows  the  scientific  world  is  against  him  ;  he  ought 
to  know  that  all  the  scientific  facts  are  against  him.  Why 
does  a  lover  of  nature,  making  a  survey  in  the  interests  of 
truth,  seek  to  pettifog  the  case.  Why  make  a  definition  of 
species  that  will  suit  his  convenience  and  pervert  all  the 
facts  ?  To  bribe  a  witness  is  a  high  crime.  Dr.  Jordan 
makes  species  only  a  catagory  of  thought — "  not  an  entity 
at  all  ;  only  a  phase  in  change."  Then  he  says  :  "  Species 
are  like  the  twigs  of  the  tree  disconnected  from  its  parent 
stem."  Then  all  forms  of  nature,  both  plant  and  animal, 
grew  out  of  a  common  stem.  But  this  is  precisely  what  is 
to  be  proved.  What  a  concept  for  a  scientific  savant — 
apples  and  apes,  lions  and  dandelions,  limes  and  lizards, 
larva  and  scientific  lecturers  all  dangling  from  the  same 
tree.  This  is  the  last  edition  of  Darwinian  evolution. 

Again  he  says  :  "The  law  of  change  is  analagous  to  the 
change  in  words  derived  from  different  languages,  and  gave 
as  an  example — Kerasus  (Greek),  changing  to  Cerasus 
(Latin),  Ceriso  (Italian),  Cereso  (Spanish),  Cerise  (French) 
and  Cherry  (English)."  Well  !  does  not  a  cherry  taste  the 
same  in  Latin  as  in  Greek  ?  Does  the  cherry  change  by 
changing  its  name  ?  But  by  the  first  definition  that  cherry 
is  not  an  entity,  and  there  was  nothing  to  change.  The 
' '  a  "  may  become  an  "  i  "  or  "  e  "  in  passing  from  the 
Latin  through  the  French  into  the  Spanish  ;  the  bluebird 
may  loose  its  tail  feathers  in  a  storm  ;  the  robin  may  change 
its  hue  in  winter  time,  but  the  robin  never  becomes  a  blue- 
bird nor  a  verb  a  noun  by  any  kind  of  hocus  pocus. 


20  THE    HYBRID    A    MONSTER. 

The  spelling  of  words  and  the  feathers  of  birds  have 
little  to  do  with  the  genius  of  words  or  the  genus  of  birds. 

In  answer  to  the  catagorical  question.  Is  man  a  de- 
scendant of  the  monkey  ?  the  professor  was  bold  enough  to 
answer:  "The  monkey  is  not  the  father  of  the  man,  but 
both  have  a  common  ancestry  ;  something  far  more  prima- 
tive  than  either,  with  the  characters  of  neither."  "The 
differences  between  man  and  the  lower  forms  is  one  of  de- 
gree— they  have  diverged  from  a  common  center." 

Well,  what  then  has  become  of  the  law  that  "like 
begets  like  ?  "  "  Why  all  the  higher  vertebrates  are  blood 
relations."  Oh,  then,  the  scientific  difference  between 
Lord  Byron  and  his  dog  and  our  lecturer  and  his  mule  is 
"one  of  degree."  The  poet  is  "  a  blood  relation  "  of  his 
dog  and  the  scientist  is  a  "blood  relation"  of  his  mule. 
Happy  family  !  But  suppose  they  have  diverged  from  a 
common  center.  Why  this  bifurcation  ?  Why  should  the 
monkey  keep  chattering  on  in  his  native  words  without 
any  improvement  in  a  thousand  years,  while  his  brother 
man  becomes  a  professor  of  natural  history,  invents  tele- 
scopes, discovers  unknown  worlds  and  organizes  colleges  ? 
Why  not  some  monkey  somewhere  in  the  past  invent  a 
locomotive  or  a  string  band,  or  organize  his  fellows  into  a 
political  party,  or  expound  the  first  chapter  of  Genesis  ? 

Or  why  not  the  digger  Indian,  who  has  lived  on  roots 
for  ages,  or  Feejian,  sinking  even  lower  in  the  scale,  reach 
the  plane  of  his  grandfather  and  produce  the  ' '  missing 
link  ? ' '  The  fact  is,  man  retreats  from  one  degree  of 
degredation  to  another,  but  retains  personality,  conscious 
self-hood,  conscience  and  reason  ;  no  man  ever  becomes  a 
brute. 

Why  not  produce  one  example  of  transmutation  or  cease 
to  claim  the  attention  of  intelligent  people  ?  The  hybrid 
is  the  only  apology  for  this  dogma  that  has  been  produced. 
But  a  hybrid  is  a  monster  and  not  a.  species.  It  is  neither 


SCIENCE    IJFTS   THE   VAIL   OF   THE    FUTURE.  -1 

an  animal  or  a  thing.  It  is  without  species,  genus  or  family. 
It  is  an  individual  without  individuality.  It  cannot  repro- 
duce itself,  for  there  is  nothing  to  reproduce.  The  interval 
between  the  horse  and  the  ass  is  infinite  ;  they  are  distinct 
creations.  What,  then,  must  be  the  interval  between  the 
monkey  and  the  man  ? 


LECTURE   17. 
DOCTRINE  OF  DESCENT. 

— Natural  selection  of  the  greatest  importance — Argument 
from  embryology  most  convincing — Sterility  of  hybrids — Darwin 
felt  that  the  really  important  point  was  that  the  doctrine  of 
descent  should  be  accepted — That  life  with  its  powers  was  origi- 
nally wreathed  by  the  Greater  into  a  few  forms  or  into  one — The 
animal  which  won  the  knowledge  of  good  and  evil  won  a  legacy 
of  pain. 


This  sixth  lecture  was  a  general  review  with  the  doc- 
trine of  the  descent  of  man  made  prominent.  The  syllabus 
was  introduced  with  a  long  extract  from  Dr.  Edward  A. 
Ross,  quoted  from  the  Arena  of  November.  Dr.  Jordan 
introduced  and  endorsed  Dr.  Ross  and  called  special  atten- 
tion to  this  quotation  :  ' '  Science  during  the  last  twenty 
years'  has  been  most  successful  in  studying  the  past.  It  has 
traced  the  origin  of  institutions  and  followed  the  upward 
path  of  man.  It  has  lifted  the  veil  of  mystery."  It  says  : 
' '  See,  I  can  show  how  our  feelings  arose.  I  will  lay  bare 
the  root  of  modesty,  of  filial  piety,  sexual  love,  patriotism, 
loyalty,  justice,  honor,  aesthetic  delight,  conscience,  re- 
ligion, fear  of  God.  I  will  explain  the  origin  of  institutions 
like  the  household,  the  Church,  the  State.  I  will  show 
the  rise  of  prayer,  worship,  .sacrifice,  marriage  customs, 
ceremonies,  social  forms  and  laws."  Nothing  is  found 


22  SCIENCE    FINDS    NO    EGO. 

mysterious,  nothing  unique,  nothing  divine.  Man  is  a 
formation.  The  race  has  accommodated  itself  to  its  en- 
vironment as  a  stream  to  its  bed.  But  science,  not  content 
with  tracing  institutions,  has  been  analyzing  personality. 
We  see  now  that  there  never  can  be  again  such  an  orgie  of 
the  Ego  as  that  led  by  Fichte  &  Hegel.  The  doctrine  of 
transmission  and  inheritance  have  attacked  the  indepen- 
dence of  the  individual.  Science  finds  no  Ego,  self  or  will 
that  can  maintain  itself  against  the  past.  Heredity  rules 
our  lives  like  the  supreme  primeval  necessity  that  stood 
above  the  Olympian  gods.  "  It  is  the  last  of  the  fates," 
says  Wilde,  "  and  the  most  terrible.  It  is  the  only  one  of 
the  gods  whose  name  we  know." 

It  is  the  "divinity  that  shapes  our  ends,"  and  hurls 
down  the  deities  of  freedom  and  choice. 

Science  dissolves  the  personalties  into  temperaments  and 
susceptibilities,  predispositions  and  transmitted  taints, 
atavisms  and  reversions.  It  finds  the  soul  not  a  spiritual 
unit,  but  a  treacherous  compound  of  strange  contradictions 
and  warring  tendencies,  with  traces  of  spent  passion,  and 
vestiges  of  ancient  sins,  with  echoes  of  forgotten  deeds  and 
survivals  of  vanished  habits.  We  are  bound  to  a  destiny 
fixed  before  birth,  and  choice  is  the  greatest  of  illusions. 

The  final  blow  to  the  notion  of  the  old  Ego  is  given  by 
multiple  individuality.  Science  tells  of  the  conscious  and 
the  sub-conscious,  of  the  higher  nerve  centers  and  the 
lower,  of  the  double  cerebrum  and  the  wayward  ganglia. 
It  hints  at  the  many  voiceless  beings  that  live  out  in  our 
body  their  joy  and  pain.  This  "  is  no  doubt  a  hierarchy  or 
commonwealth  of  psychical  units  that  at  death  dissolves 
and  sinks  below  the  threshold  of  consciousness. ' ' 

Had  Dr.  Jordan  introduced  a  Chinese  leper,  or  his  friend 
Dr.  Ross,  in  the  first  stages  of  smallpox  to  his  audience, 
he  would  have  been  arrested. 


CONSCIENCE    A    MISNOMER.  L'.'J 

But  can  there  be  more  intellectual  and  moral  poison 
concentrated  in  sentences  which  shine  with  the  beauties  of 
the  basalisk  ? 

We  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  this  extract  printed, 
commended  and  put  into  the  hands  of  his  audience  was  an 
insult  to  their  intelligence,  and  a  moral  shock  to  their  re- 
ligious sentiments  ;  an  impertinence  which  but  few  men 
would  have  been  permitted  to  impose  upon  them.  Yet  it 
is  the  logical  outcome  and  a  bold  and  burning  statement  of 
the  doctrines  of  this  course  of  lectures  on  Darwinian  Evo- 
lution. 

If  man  is  a  descendant  of  the  brute,  and  like  begets 
like,  personality  is  impossible,  and  conscience  a  misnomer 
and  Christianity  a  farce  ;  for  God,  if  there  is  one,  is  un- 
knowable. If  "each  creature  is  not  an  ego,  but  a  mosaic 
of  its  ancestry,"  as  Dr.  Jordan  taught  in  his  second  lecture, 
then  man  is  without  personality  and  is  but  a  ' '  multiple 
individuality,  a  commonwealth  of  physical  units  that 
dissolve  at  death  and  sink  below  the  threshold  of  con- 
sciousness," as  Dr.  Ross  declares,  and  immortality  is  an 
absurdity. 

If  man  is  not  an  ego,  then  may  science  dissolve  person- 
ality into  "temperaments  and  susceptibilities,  predisposi- 
tions and  transmitted  taints,  atavisms  and  reversions,"  for 
the  soul  is  ' '  but  a  treacherous  compound  of  strange 
contradictions. ' ' 

If  anatomy  and  physiology  only  are  consulted,  then  is 
man  but  an  animal.  A  sub-conscious  being  "  of  the  higher 
nerve  centers  and  the  lower,  of  the  double  cerebrum  and 
wayward  ganglia,"  and  "the  root  of  modesty,  of  filial 
piety,  sexual  love,  patriotism,  conscience  and  religion," 
are  but  the  vibrations  of  the  ganglia  ;  and  ' '  prayer,  wor- 
ship, sacrifice,  marriage  ceremony  and  all  social  forms," 
are  but  the  developed  instincts  of  the  beaver  or  the  chat- 
tering chimpanzee.  If  "heredity  rules  our  lives,"  then, 


24        THK    ANIMAL   THAT   WON    THE   I.RGACY    OF    PAIN. 

indeed,  are  li  we  bound  to  a  destiny  fixed  before  birth  and 
choice  is  the  greatest  of  illusions." 

I  like  Dr.  Ross'  way  of  putting  error — there  is  no  sham 
about  it ;  it  is  bold — bold  and  blasphemous  ;  there  is  hope 
of  reaction.  It  is  better  to  be  shot  than  poisoned.  What 
kind  of  an  animal  was  it  that  ' '  won  the  legacy  of  pain  ? ' ' 
If  an  animal,  then  what  of  the  doctrine  of  sin  and  salva- 
tion ?.  of  Calvary  and  Christ  ?  What  are  ' '  echoes  of  for- 
gotten sins  ?  ' '  Who  am  I  ?  What  am  I  ?  I  am  nobody, 
I  am  told,  and  hence  am  no  where  !  .How  far  is  it  to 
the  lunatic  asylum  ? 

"  Fear,  a  forgotten  form  ; 

Death,  a  dream  of  the  eyes — 
We  were  atoms  in  God's  great  storm, 

That  raged  through  the  angry  skies."  " 

But  we  are  talking,  thinking,  dreaming  atoms. 


WHAT  Is  DARWINISM  ? 

Darwinism  assumes  to  be  the  scientific  method  of  world- 
building.  It  proposes  to  dispense  with  the  old,  supernat- 
ural method  of  attributing  to  a  personal  God  all  life,  motion 
and  being,  and  substitute  the  doctrines  of  impersonal  force 
and  law  ;  and  show  the  processes  in  creation  are  natural 
and  scientific.  The  conflict,  then,  is  between  the  supernat- 
ural process  in  creation,  and  the  natural  process  in  genera- 
tion. The  battle  is  between  Moses  and  Darwin  ;  between 
the  natural  or  scientific,  and  the  supernatural  or  religious. 

The  chasm  between  these  is  world-wide,  and  hence 
bridgeless.  There  are  two  theories  of  world-building  that 
are  to  shape  the  thought,  create  the  atmosphere,  and  fix 
the  character  of  universal  life  in  the  future. 

[Mosaic  evolution,  or  Darwinian  development — Was  man 
created  by  an  Almighty  fiat,  or  was  he  born  of  a  bi-sexual 


CRKATIOX    AND    KYOI.rTION.  -•> 

monad,  and  developed  ?  Mosaic  evolution  is  world-building 
by  creation.  Moses  affirms  that  the  world  was  built  by  a 
succession  of  Almighty  fiats.  God  said  ' '  Light  !  and  light 
was."  He  said,  li  Let  the  earth  bring  forth  grass!  and  it 
was  so."  He  said,  "Let  the  waters  bring  forth  abun- 
dantly !  "  "  Let  the  earth  bring  forth  the  living  creatures 
after  his  kind  ;  cattle,  and  creeping  things,  and  beast  !  ' ' 
God  said,  "  Let  us  make  man  in  our  image,  after  our  like- 
ness !"]  . 

The  Bible  teaches  that  the  real  world,  with  all  its  forms, 
and  in  all  its  details,  was  an  ideal  plan  in  the  mind  of  God 
from  the  beginning ;  that  the  world-history,  from  light, 
crystal,  plant,  animal  and  man  was  but  the  unfolding  of 
that  plan  by  Personal  presence  and  Divine  power,  in  the 
order  revealed  by  Moses. 

Darwin  says, ' 4  the  method  of  world-building  was  natural, 
and  by  a  succession  of  natural  births  ;  that  all  living  things 
have  a  common  ancestry,  a  double  parentage,  and  are  de- 
veloped by  a  bi-sexual  process  from  a  single  form." 

Moses  says,  ' '  The  Lord  God  formed  man  of  the  dust  of 
the  ground,  and  breathed  into  his  nostrils  the  breath  of 
life,  and  man  became  a  living  soul."  Darwin  replies,  in 
his  book  of  Genesis,  "All  animals  (man  included)  have 
descended  from  one  primordial  form,  into  which  life  was 
breathed."  Moses  or  Darwin,  which?  Moses  represents 
man  in  the  beginning  of  his  history  as  a  scientific  savant, 
the  peer  of  Humboldt  or  Agassiz  ;  a  superb  linguist  and 
ornithologist,  and  the  highest  authority  in  every  depart- 
ment of  natural  history.  "Adam  gave  names  to  all  the 
cattle  and  to  the  fowl  of  the  air,  and  to  every  beast  of  the 
field,  and  whatsoever  Adam  called  every  living  creature 
that  was  the  name  thereof."  He  was,  therefore,  well 
equipped  to  lecture  before  any  university  club  in  the  be- 
ginning. 

Darwin  asserts  that  man  began  as  a  monad,  a  cell  filled 


26  THE  ANIMAL  THAT  WON  THE  LEGACY  OF  PAIN. 

with  protoplasm  ;  a  chemical  combination  of  oxygen, 
hydrogen,  carbon  and  nitrogen  ;  a  life-stuff  related  to  the 
seaweed  ;  a  kind  of  fungus  ;  which,  after  a  succession  of 
births  running  through  all  the  varieties  of  the  vegetable 
world,  seaweed,  grass,  gourd,  Washingtonian  gigantes,  up 
through  the  animal  kingdom  for  thousands  of  years,  and 
after  ten  thousands  of  births,  through  the  oyster,  crab, 
crocodile,  behemoth,  boa-constrictor,  seal,  sea-gull,  sala- 
mander, dog  and  donkey,  into  a  group  of  anthropoids — the 
lemur,  or  half- ape,  long-armed  ape,  gibbon,  ourang-outang, 
chimpanzee,  the  "missing  link,"  which  was  drowned  in 
the  Indian  Ocean,  and  whose  descendants  swam  to  shore 
and  escaped  to  Australia,  and  passed  through  a  series  of 
savages,  and  finally  became  men.  Mr.  Darwin  and  his 
disciples  are  proud  of  their  family  tree,  and  thus  supply  the 
scientific  world  with  their  genealogical  table. 

If  man  has  descended  from  a  common  parent,  through 
a  long  line  of  plant  and  animal  forms,  how  did  a  plant  be- 
come an  animal,  and  an  animal  a  man  ?  Does  not  like 
produce  like  ?  How,  then,  does  a  lichen  become  a  lizard, 
and  a  lizard  a  parrot,  and  the  chatting  parrot  a  ward  poli- 
tician ?  This  is  a  fair  question  on  the  hypothesis  of  gener- 
ation from  a  primordial  form,  and  Darwin  does' not  shrink 
from  answering  it.  He  made  his  immortality  in  the  solution 
of  this  problem,  and  if  it  is  fairly  solved  he  is  entitled  to 
the  high  place  that  Professor  Jordan  has  accorded  him— 
"next  to  St.  Paul." 

This  problem  gave  birth  to  the  ' '  Origin  of  Species, ' ' 
"  the  greatest  book  since  St.  Paul."  This  volume  is  prop- 
erly Darwinism  ;  for  evolution,  or  development,  was  the 
child  of  L,amark,  and  the  "  Descent  of  Man  "  was  written 
eleven  years  after,  and  after  Carl  Vogt  had  written  his  book. 

Professor  Jordan  tells  us  there  were  more  than  500,000 
animal  species,  and  more  still  of  plants.  So,  here  is  a 
problem  of  a  great  many  unknown  quantities,  and  very  few 


DARWIN'S  FAMILY  TREK.  'J7 

equations.  Mathematically,  it  would  be  impossible  ;  but 
scientifically,  it  is  easy.  Hear  Professor  Jordan's  solution  : 
14  Species  are  not  entities  at  all,  but  phases  in  change."  A 
dog  and  a  donkey,  a  mollusk  and  a  man,  are  not  entities. 
Well  !  well  !  what  is  an  entity  ?  ens,  entis,  enti-ty  ! — a  thing, 
a  reality,  a  being.  There  is  no  difference  between  a  moss 
and  a  mule,  only  "a  phase  of  change."  Then  a  mule  is 
not  a  reality  !  My  !  my  !  I  wonder  how  the  professor 
could  ride  a  mule  up  so  many  mountain  trails,  and  then 
pronounce  him  a  non-entity.  Call  that  depraved,  developed 
monad  only  a  ' '  phase  in  change  !  "  ' '  Am  I  Romeo  ?  Am 
I  your  man  ?  Am  I  myself?  "  You  may  send  me  to  the 
lunatic  asylum  to-morrow,  because  I  cannot  see  how  a  non- 
entity can  change  its  phases ;  but  I  will  never  accept  the 
scientific  postulate  that  a  mule  is  not  an  entity  as  long  as 
the  memories  of  the  army  remain. 

Suppose  species  is  only  a  class-name,  for  this  is  what 
the  professor  must  mean,  What  is  a  class  without  individ- 
uals ?  If  mules  are  only  a  class  of  horses,  does  it  follow 
that  there  is  no  individual  mule  ?  If  the  moss  is  only  a 
M  phase  in  change  "  of  the  monad,  and  the  mule  a  "  phase 
in  change  ' '  of  the  moss,  then  what  becomes  of  the  monad 
and  moss  in  this  process  of  evolution  ?  Is  not  this  logo- 
machy completely  developed  ? — a  prestidigitation  of  words 
where  the  juggler  swallows  the  sword,  and  many  people 
believe  it  is  swallowed,  when  it  is  only  hid  away  in  his 
sleeve  ? 

Darwin  assumed,  as  the  basis  of  his  theory,  a  succes- 
sion of  births;  and  the  "phases  in  change"  is  that  of 
being  born. 

Let  us  follow  this  series  as  far  as  we  can.  The  monad 
is  the  great-grandfather  of  the  moss  ;  the  moss  differs  from 
the  mule  only  in  time  and  environment.  So,  we  may  write 
—Moss  plus  "natural  selection,"  plus  "struggle  for  exis- 
tence," plus  "survival  of  the  fittest,"  equal  mule.  But 


MAN    AND   THE    MULE. 

here  the  series  must  stop,  for  the  mule  is  a  hybrid,  and 
there  can  be  no  more  births.  Darwinism  ends  with  the 
mule,  after  granting  all  the  hypotheses  of  this  wonderful 
.science. 

Neither  theology  nor  metaphysics,  science  nor  mathe- 
matics, has  been  able  to  span  this  bridgeless  chasm.  This 
hybrid  is  at  the  foot  of  the  hill,  and  will  stay  there.  He 
has  brought  whole  armies  to  a  halt,  and  here  Darwinism 
must  stay,  and  man  must  be  an  impossibility  by  this  theory, 
until  there  can  be  furnished  a  legitimate  descendant  of  this 
depraved  hybrid.  It  is  difficult  to  treat  a  theory  so  utterly 
baseless  and  preposterous  with  respectable  candor. 

DARWINISM  Is  UNSCIENTIFIC. 

The  historical  method  demands  that  all  the  facts  pertain- 
ing to  an  object  are  essential  to  its  scientific  classification. 
Science  can  draw  no  just  inferences  concerning  man  from 
his  anatomy  and  physiology,  or  physical  conduct ;  no  more 
than  it  can  from  an  oak  by  the  anatomical  structure  and 
chemical  analysis  of  the  acorn. 

Why  put  man  in  a  class  with  animals  when  he  is  as  far 
removed  from  them  as  zero  is  from  infinity  ?  It  would  be 
more  scientific  to  classify  the  palace  of  the  Pope  with  a 
California  wood-yard  ;  the  palace  has  some  wood  in  its 
structure,  but  something  more.  Its  wonderful  combina- 
tions and  artistic  beauty  are  proofs  of  genius — the  highest 
order  of  mind.  Personality,  self-consciousness,  and  spirit- 
ual life  lift  man  out  of  nature  and  mere  animal  being  into 
the  supernatural  and  divine,  and  puts  man  in  a  class  by 
himself.  What  has  anatomy  and  physiology  to  do  with 
reason,  imagination  and  will?  No  more  than  with  trigo- 
nometry or  the  Lord's  Prayer.  As  well  class  the  syllogism 
and  binomial  theorem  with  the  bones  and  muscles  as  to 
class  a  mollusk  and  a  monkey  with  a  man. 


DARWINISM    PREPOSTEROUS.  -•> 

Science  demands  that  all  her  theories  be  sustained  by 
the  facts.  A  theory  is  a  generalization  of  facts — an  induc- 
tion from  facts,  not  a  fancy  hunting  for  facts. 

Now,  it  is  admitted  that  the  islands  have  been  inhabited 
for  six  thousand  years,  and  that  man  is  less\  than  seven 
thousand  years  old  ;  yet  there  has  no  fossil  been  produced 
of  plant,  animal,  or  man,  that  intimates  the  Darwinian 
theory. 

The  geological  record  is  nature's  own  affidavit  recorded 
in  fossil  hieroglyph,  and  stereotyped  by  the  Almighty,  that 
the  Mosaic  theory  of  creation  is  true.  The  three  great 
pauses  or  chapters  in  the  book  of  nature  have  never  been 
bridged  by  any  theory. 

The  Silurian  epoch  contains  at  least  sixty-five  new 
species;  like  Melchizedek,  "without  father  or  mother." 
Where  did  the  fish  and  bird  and  beast  get  their  backbone  ? 
These  are  distinct  forms  separated  from  the  past  by  a  wide, 
impassable  gulf.  This  break  in  the  line  of  generated  forms, 
of  itself,  is  sufficient  not  only  to  pronounce  Darwinism  un- 
scientific, but  false  and  preposterous. 

The  third,  or  human  epoch,  where  man  appears  in- 
finitely higher  still  than  any  vertebrate,  is  the  absolute  proof 
of  the  Mosaic  record  that  man  is  a  created  being,  and  not 
born  from  a  lower  form. 

If  to  create  man  by  a  miracle  is  too  much  for  a  scientific 
mind  to  admit,  when  the  fact  has  been  fully  authenticated, 
both  by  creation  and  special  revelation,  what  must  be  the 
character  of  that  mind  that  can  believe  such  huge,  prepos- 
terous theories  of  their  own  invention,  more  marvelous,  at 
least,  than  creation  itself? 

Darwinism  is  not  only,  then,  unscientific,  but  false  and 
absurd,  since  it  contradicts  the  facts.  The  mind  that  can 
believe  that  four  times  three  are  fourteen  is  unbalanced. 

The  line  separating  species  is  the  base  line  of  all  scien- 
tific-progress in  natural  history.  No  plant  has  ever  crossed 


30  AGASSIZ   AND    HIS    PUPIL. 

this  line  into  the  animal  kingdom,  and  no  animal  has  ever 
crossed  over  into  the  realm  of  the  human.  Man  began  at 
the  head  of  creation,  and  he  has  often  descended  to  the 
lowest  plane  ;  but  has  never  crossed  the  boundary  that 
separates  him  from  the  beast. 

Von  Baer,  the  greatest  of  all  thinkers  in  the  line  of  in- 
dividual development,  declares,  "  that  new  forms  are  without 
parents,  and  hence  are  created. "  "  Breeds  among  animals, ' ' 
says  Agassiz,  "are  the  work  of  men;  species  are  created 
by  God." 

This  is  the  scientific  retreat  from  the  entire  field,  and 
leaves  man  with  Moses,  and  Darwin  alone  still  searching  for 
his  mother.  Professor  Jordan,  though  a  pupil  of  Agassiz, 
says,  "Man  creates  new  species;"  but  "creates"  and 
' '  species  ' '  are  fallacies  of  ambiguous  middle.  To  produce 
a  dog  from  a  wolf,  putting  more  trot  into  a  horse  by  culti- 
vating the  legs,  or  making  short-horned  cattle  and  sheep, 
is  neither  a  creation  nor  change  in  species.  Let  him  pro- 
duce a  donkey  from  a  dog,  and  he  will  command  some 
attention. 

Fichte  once  asked  a  question  that  is  still  unanswered  : 
' '  Who  educated  the  first  pair  ?  "  If  man  was  born  of  the 
same  mother  as  the  monkey,  as  Professor  Jordan  declares, 
then  who  took  care  of  the  first  baby  ?  Who  taught  the 
first  primary  school  ?  Darwin,  like  most  men,  loves  his 
mother.  He  says,  "  For  my  own  part,  I  would  as  soon  be 
a  descendant  of  that  heroic  little  monkey,  or  that  old 
baboon,  as  from  a  savage."  Shame  on  such  reckless  blas- 
phemy !  No  long-armed  ape  or  old  baboon  could  ever 
descend  to  such  a  moral  level.  Give  me  the  Australian 
girl  or  the  fishwoman  of  Terra  del  Fuego  for  a  mother,  and 
I  may  be  a  jpartaker  of  the  divine  nature  and  an  heir  of 
heaven  ;  but  with  a  monkey  mother,  I  would  be  a  predes- 
tined brute.  Such  a  statement  is  proof  of  a  lop-sided  mind 
and  a  low  moral  tone  ;  it  is  a  standing  disgrace  to  that  in- 


SCIENTIFIC    BLASPHEMY.  31 

tellectual  genius  that  sleeps  beside  Sir  Isaac  Newton.     Why 
should  a  philosopher  and  a  fanatic  sleep  together  ? 

DARWINISM  AND  INSTINCT  AND  REASON. 

Professor  Jordan  says  :  ' '  The  difference  between  man 
and  the  lower  forms  are  all  differences  of  degree."  Then 
the  plant  feels  and  thinks  and  wills,  but  on  a  lower  scale. 
The  animal  reasons  and  has  notions  of  right  and  wrong, 
but  in  a  lower  degree  than  man.  Darwin  hunts  his  facts  to 
prove  his  notions.  The  bee  is  a  mathematician  ;  the  beaver 
is  a  civil  engineer  ;  the  nightingale  a  musical  genius,  differ- 
ing only  in  degree  from  Jenny  I^ind  ;  the  chattering  ape,  an 
orator,  but  not  quite  equal  to  Frederick  Douglass.  Darwin 
says  "that  plants  have  the  rudiments  of  volition,"  and 
' '  at  the  base,  life  is  the  same  in  plant,  animal  and  man. ' ' 
Is  the  vegetable  fly-trap  and  the  opening  and  closing  of  the 
morning-glory  an  example  of  vegetable  will  ?  What  rela- 
tion is  there  between  the  cell  of  the  bee,  the  mud  dam  of  the 
beaver  and  the  song  of  the  thrush  and  the  locomotive,  the 
Brooklyn  bridge  or  the  symphonies  of  Beethoven  ?  What 
relation  is  there  between  the  best-trained  monkey  and  the 
low  degree  of  intelligence  found  in  the  Australian  girl  ? 
She  can  think,  and  knows  she  is  a  woman,  and  has  learned 
to  operate  the  telegraph  in  three  years  ;  give  her  time  and 
opportunity  and  she  will  solve  a  quadratic,  for  she  is 
human  ;  but  the  brightest  baboon  yet  known  could  not 
learn  to  read  a  telegram  in  a  thousand  centuries.  The  dis- 
tance between  instinct  and  reason,  between  unconscious 
individuality,  and  conscious  personality,  is  infinite.  Ani- 
mals have  no  mental  concepts  ;  no  knowledge  of  logical 
relations  ;  no  notions  of  right  and  wrong  ;  no  reasoning 
powers.  The  ethics  of  the  dog,  the  horse  and  the  elephant 
is  not  the  same  in  kind.  Right  and  wrong  are  not  animal 
notions,  but  sensations  made  through  the  stomach  or  nerves 
by  the  promise  of  bread,  or  the  crack  of  the  whip  ;  there  is 


32  INSTINCT    AND    REASON. 

no  analogy  between  the  stomach  and  the  conscience.  In- 
stinct has  no  more  relation  to  reason  than  the  sound  of  the 
katydid  has  to  the  most  magnificent  orchestra.  A  hen  will 
hatch  duck's  eggs  and  take  care  of  the  ducklings  as  though 
they  were  chickens,  for  she  does  not  know  a  chicken  from  a 
duck,  and  can  never  learn.  She  will  sit  on  a  chalk  egg 
with  as  much  assiduity  as  she  wrould  set  on  her  own  eggs, 
for  she  does  not  know  the  difference  between  sit  and  set. 
Only  a  self  can  be  educated.  All  efforts  to  cross  the  line 
between  instinct  and  reason,  by  an  attempt  to  reduce  reason 
to  its  lowest  form,  and  raise  instinct  to  its  highest  manifes- 
tation, is  a  scientific  ruse,  a  logical  trick,  the  mathematical 
feat  of  reducing  infinity  to  zero.  God  has  drawn  one 
straight  line  through  nature,  and  put  man  on  one  side  and 
all  the  plant  life  and  animal  being  on  the  other  ;  the  divorce 
is  divine,  and  all  efforts  to  remove  that  line  are  preposter- 
ous. Darwinism  is  an  assumption  built  on  fanciful  analo- 
gies assuming  that  man  and  the  animals  are  descendants 
from  the  same  parents. 

His  Proof. — (1)  They  are  under  the  same  laws  of  life 
and  hygiene.  (2)  They  are  similar  in  their  physical 
structure.  (3)  They  have  a  physiological  resemblance. 

(4)  They  have  the  same  senses,  emotions  and  affections. 

(5)  They  have  choice,  memory  and  reason,  only  differing 
in   degree.     (6)    They   pass   through   the  same  phases  of 
change  in  the  embryo. 

Dr.  Jordan  says  :  ' '  Embryology  reveals  the  history  of 
the  race;  the  inside  tells  its  ancestry,  the  outside  its  en- 
vironment." Embryology  shows  three  distinct  stages  in 
development ;  first,  plant  life,  then  animal  (a  fish  with 
gills)  ;  then  a  real  baby.  This  is  seemingly  the  best  evi- 
dence Darwin  has  for  his  theory.  This  is  no  doubt  a  divine 
picture  of  the  mystery  of  generation,  "the  way  of  the 
Spirit,"  the  secrets  preceding  birth.  But  there  is  no  hint 
that  one  is  evolved  from  the  other  ;  or  that  they  are  devel- 


EMBRYOLOGY   AND   ANCESTRY.  33 

opments  of  the  same  life  ;  but  rather,  that  all  forms  are  here 
united  ;  and  that  man  contains  all  the  forms  of  life  below 
him  and  all  that  are  above  him.  He  is 

"  Midway  from  nothing  to  the  Deity  " 

DARWINISM,  HEREDITY  AND  ETHICS. 

Dr.  Jordan  says  :  ' '  Each  creature  is  not  an  ego,  but  a 
mosaic  of  its  ancestry  ' '  — that  is,  a  union  of  father  and 
mother,  grandfather  and  grandmother,  and  not  an  inde- 
pendent self. 

So  man  might  as  well  be  a  gilly-flower,  or  a  jelly-fish, 
or  a  "blind  goby,"  as  a  philosopher  or  scientific  lecturer. 
A  man  that  is  not  a  self  is  nobody.  How  can  you  answer 
an  ' '  illusion ' '  ?  Why  talk  back  when  there  is  no  ego  to 
talk,  and  nobody  to  talk  to?  I  submit  to  the  "primeval 
necessity,"  yet  not  I,  but  the  "temperaments,  susceptibili- 
ties and  predispositions  into  which  /  am  '  dissolved. ' 
This  is  said  to  be  "  the  burning  scientific  problem  of  the 
day."  Let  it  burn  till  it  blisters  all  the  anthropoids  that 
have  learned  to  talk  without  being  self-conscious.  He 
makes  man's  moral  nature  only  an  induction  from  facts. 
Conduct,  right  and  wrong,  is  only  an  adjustment  of  means 
to  ends,  and  belongs  alike  to  all  living  forms.  Fish  have 
their  laws  of  ethics,  and  provide  a  home  and  food  for  their 
young  ;  birds  build  nests  *  and  protect  and  feed  the  bird- 
lings.  There  is  no  need  of  the  Sermon  on  the  Mount,  for 
that  is  only  a  scientific  induction  from  the  facts  of  life. 
Darwin  has  no  place  for  the  Holy  Spirit ;  no  need  of  the 
Lord's  Prayer. 

THE  ENDOWMENT  THEORY  UNTHINKABLE  AND  ABSURD. 

To  endow  matter  and  leave  it  to  itself  to  evolve  worlds 
by  law  and  through  the  agency  of  force  is  absurd.  It  is  to 
put  the  Supernatural  into  a  sentence,  and  cut  loose  from 
God.  What  is  it  to  endow  matter  ?  To  give  it  a  capability 


34  HEREDITY   AND    ETHICS. 

to  execute  the  laws  of  its  being,  the  plans  of  the  Creator  ? 
This  whole  scheme  is  an  effort  to  dispense  with  a  personal, 
present  Creator,  by  substituting  abstract  terms  in  his  place. 
There  can  be  no  more  power  in  force,  divorced  from  per- 
sonal Presence,  than  in  the  words  fancy  or  fustian.  It  is 
only  a  word.  The  Supernatural  is  not  in  matter  ;  He  is  on 
the  outside  of  matter,  and  all  matter,  law  and  force  are  in 
Him,  not  from  Him.  ' ' In  Him  we  live  and  move  and  have 
our  being. ' ' 

If  matter  has  self-motion,  and  can  become  a  solid,  a 
liquid  or  a  gas  ;  form  itself  into  air,  water  or  electricity  ; 
can  move  in  straight  lines  and  curves  ;  if  it  can  crystalize 
into  cubes  and  build  itself  into  pyramids — then  evolution 
is  rational.  For  if  it  can  work  out  the  problems  of  solid 
geometry  through  force,  then  it  can  think,  and  may  evolve 
a  Euclid  or  a  Newton.  The  same  kind  of  Power  is  essen- 
tial to  the  evolution  of  a  crystal  of  quartz  as  is  necessary 
to  produce  a  poet  or  a  philosopher.  Matter  can  as  well 
produce  a  college  president  as  a  mollusk.  If  a  monad  may 
evolve  a  moss,  it  may  evolve  a  man.  Evolution  as  an  en- 
dowment of  matter,  is  without  a  basis  in  facts  ;  absurd  and 
unthinkable.  It  is  a  great  barrier  to  healthy  thought,  and 
an  insuperable  obstacle  to  rjighest  culture  ;  a  basis  of  sand, 
upon  which  to  found  a  university  ;  a  poor  combination  of 
atheism  and  pantheism — a  fruitless  attempt  at  a  scientific 
philosophy  of  God.  The  age  is  past  when  such  a  system 
of  thought  can  be  propagated  by  money. 

THE  UNIVERSITY  AND  RELIGION. 

Every  professor  in  every  chair  in  the  college  of  this  age 
is  a  professor  of  theology.  All  preach  either  with  or  with- 
out license  or  ordination.  More  theological  problems  are 
discussed  in  the  college  lecture  and  recitation  room  talks 
than  in  the  average  pulpit ;  and  every  student  receives  a 
religious  bias.  The  question  will  be  asked:  Can  matter  be 


ENDOWMENT   OF   MATTER   ABSURD.  35 

endowed  with  an  impersonal  force,  or  does  God  uphold  all 
things  by  the  word  of  his  power  ?  It  will  be  answered, 
and  the  answer  will  depend,  not  on  the  charter  of  the  uni- 
versity, but  on  the  professor  in  the  chair.  Conscience, 
under  the  restraint  of  Christian  ethics,  is  the  great  want  of 
the  race,  and  the  great  want  of  the  university  of  the  age. 
Conscience,  without  a  Holy  Ghost  to  reprove  the  world  of 
sin,  and  of  righteousness,  and  of  judgment,  is  of  no  more 
moral  value  to  man  than  the  liver,  or  any  other  gland. 
Any  college  that  claims  that  it  does  not  meddle  with  ques- 
tions of  religion  or  religious  problems  is  a  fraud. 


Dr.  Jordan  is  a  specialist ;  his  special  field  is  the  geo- 
graphical distribution  of  plants  and  animals.  He  is  an 
out-door  student,  and  has  taken  his  field  notes  from  both 
continents  ;  the  mountains  and  valleys  of  Europe,  Asia  and 
Africa  have  been  traversed  by  him.  But  his  special  spe- 
cialty is  Ichthyology  ;  in  this  he  is  an  enthusiast.  His 
lectures  teem  with  fishes  and  crabs  and  tunicates.  He 
knows  more  about  the  fishes  than  all  the  fishes  of  the  sea 
know  about  themselves — their  homes  and  hiding  places, 
habits  and  family  affairs  ;  their  socialistic  societies,  their 
laws  and  confederations.  He  has  made  the  acquaintance 
of  their  great-grandfathers,  the  hoary-headed  peoples  of  the 
past ;  he  can  tell  the  little  mountain  trout  where  it  got  its 
beauty  spots,  how  it  got  the  wag  in  its  tail  and  why  it  is 
not  a  behemoth.  He  can  give  the  name  and  the  nurse  of 
the  original  fish,  the  anatomy  and  history  of  all  the  finny 
tribes  from  the  sardine  to  the  sulphur-bottom  whale. 
He  is  modest  and  genteel  and  a  magnificent  specimen  of 
the  "  survival  of  the  fittest." 

His  literary  masters  are  Boyesen,  Walt  Whitman, 
Thoreau,  Goethe  and  the  Chinese  classics.  His  confession 
of  faith  is  formulated  by  Boyesen — 

"  A  sacred  kinship  I  would  not  forego 
Binds  me  to  all  that  breathes." 


36  THE   UNIVERSITY   AND    CHRISTIANITY. 

The  world  is  moving  forward  with  a  velocity  heretofore' 
unknown  to  history.  New-thought  systems  and  race  habits 
and  impulses  are  reconstructing  old  traditions,  worn-out 
dogmas  and  exploded  theories.  Ethical  and  philosophical 
systems  mingle  and  boil  and  foam  ;  truth  clashes  with 
error,'  error  writhes  and  dies.  The  conflict  of  ideas  was 
never  so  great ;  an  intellectual  and  social  evolution  is  going 
on,  and  a  new  synthesis  of  thought  must  be  the  product. 

But  evil  is  never  to  be  destroyed  ;  nor  is  it  to  be  shut 
up  in  prison  as  a  culprit  ;  nor  can  it  be  banished  by  force. 

It  defies  armies,  mocks  at  mobs,  resists  legislatures  and 
outlives  the  guillotine  and  the  gallows.  Yet  it  may  be  ex- 
posed by  invincible  logic  and  canceled  by  the  truth. 

The  evil  that  now  exists  is  less  than  ever  before  because 
truth  is  greater.  Pessimism  is  a  bastard — an  illegitimate 
deduction  from  facts.  Optimism  is  scientific,  philosophic, 
religious.  The  college,  the  press,  the  lectureship  will  live 
and  knowledge  will  increase  ;  mind  will  be  stimulated  and 
developed ;  but  scientific  remedies  for  moral  evils  will  be 
found  in  the  future  Materia  Medica  among  the  nostrums. 
Armageddon  is  not  in  ' '  the  American  brain  ;  ' '  the  battle- 
ground between  good  and  evil,  truth  and  error  is  in  the 
human  heart,  and  no  intellectual  culture,  eleemosynary  in- 
stitutions or  religious  clubs  can  ever  regenerate  the  race. 

A  Christianity  without  an  atonement  is  a  Christianity 
without  a  Christ.  No  man  can  cut  loose  from  the  Deca- 
logue and  by  intellectual  attainment  and  deeds  of  charity 
make  an  atonement  for  himself. 

What  the  race  needs,  and  what  the  age  needs  most,  is 
THE  EVOLUTION  OF  THE  HEART  by  the  power  of  the 
HOLY  GHOST. 

''Darwin  and  After  Darwin,"  two  volumes,  just  from 
the  press,  by  George  J.  Romanes,  has  nothing  new — Dar- 
winism reduces  to  evolution  of  species  by  natural  selection 
and  rejects  supernatural  creation,  and  is  absurd. 


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